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2. CHEMICAL ELEMENTS. SIGNS OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS
You already know what is chemical elements. If have forgotten, I will remind: the chemical element is certain type of atom. All chemical elements are presented in the Periodic Table of D. I. Mendeleyev. Each of them has certain chemical sign, or symbol and certain name and pronunciation which you will use at the name of formulas of substances. Chemical elements which differ from names of chemical elements are presented in this table.
Name of chemical element Chemical symbol Pronunciation of chemical symbol Hydrogen H аш Carbon With це Nitrogen N эн Silicon Si силициум Phosphorus P пэ Sulfur S эс Copper Cu купрум Arsenic As арсеникум Iron Fe феррум Silver Ag аргентум Tin Sn станум Antimony Sb стибиум Gold Au аурум Mercury Hg гидраргирум Lead Pb плюмбум The pronunciation of other chemical symbols corresponds to the name of chemical elements.
Important properties of elements, for example, hydrogen - giving rise water, oxygen - giving rise acids, phosphorus - the bearing light are reflected in names of some chemical elements. Part of chemical elements is called in honor of planets: selenium (Selena-Loong), tellurium (Telluris-Zemlya), plutonium, neptunium, uranium. Some are called by the names of mythological heroes: tantalum. Many chemical elements are called in honor of the states, parts of the world, settlements: polonium (Poland), ruthenium (Ruthenium Russia), skandinaviya, francium, europium, americium, dubniy etc. In some names names of scientific physicists and himikov:kyuriya, einsteinium, mendelevium, nobelium, rutherfordium, seaborgium, bohrium, etc. are immortalized. Now it is known of existence of 117 chemical elements. The last element which is found in the nature uranium. All standing behind it are received artificially in laboratories. Authors and years of opening are presented in the summary table
symbol name year of opening author, country actinium 1899 A. Debyern (France) Ag silver ----------- -------------------------------- Al aluminum 1825 X. Oersted (Denmark) Am americium 1945 G. Siborg, A. Giorso, etc. (USA) Ar argon 1894 D. Rayleigh, U. Ramzay (England) As arsenic ------------- ----------------------------------------- At astatine 1940 E. Segre, D. Korson, K. Makenzi (USA) Au gold ----------------- ----------------------------------------- B boron 1808 L. Gay-Lussac, L. Tenar (France) Ba barium 1774 K. Sheele, Yu. Gunn (Sweden) Be beryllium 1798 N.-L. Voklen (France) Bh bohrium 1981 P. Armbruster, etc. (Germany) Bi bismuth ----------------- ----------------------------------------------- Bk berkelium 1949 G. Siborg, A. Giorso, etc. (USA) Br bromine 1826 A. Balar (France) With carbon Ca calcium 1808 G. Davy (England) Cd cadmium 1817 F. Shtromeyer Cl chlorine 1774 K. Sheele (Sweden) Cm curium 1944 G. Siborg, A. Giorso, etc. (USA) Cr chrome 1797 N.-L. Voklen (France) Cs caesium 1860 R. Bunsen, G. Kirchhoff (Germany) Cu copper ------------- ---------------------------------------- Db dubnium 1970 G.N.Flyorov, I. Zvara, etc. (USSR), A. Giorso, etc. (USA) Dy dysprosium 1886 F. Lekok-de-Buabodran (France) Er erbium 1843 K. Mosander (Sweden) Es einsteinium 1952 G. Siborg, A. Giorso, etc. (USA) Eu europium 1896-1901 To E.Demarsa (France) F fluorine 1771 K. Sheele (Sweden) Fm fermium 1952 G. Siborg, A. Giorso, etc. (USA) Fe iron ------------- --------------------------------------- Fr francium 1939 M. Pere (France) Ga gallium 1875 F. Lekok-de-Buabodran (France) Gd gadolinium 1886 F. Lekok-de-Buabodran (France) Ge germanium 1886 K. Vinkler (Germany) H hydrogen 1766 G. Cavendish (England) He helium 1868 P.-Zh. Zhansen (France), N. Lokyer, E.Franklend (England) Hf hafnium 1923 D. Fire, Y.-D. Hevesha (Denmark Hg mercury Ho holmium 1879 P. Biting (Sweden) Hs hassium 1984 G.N.Flyorov, I. Zvara, etc. (USSR), P. Armbruster, etc. (Germany) I iod 1811 B. Courtois (France) In indium 1863 F. Raich, H. Richter (Germany) Ir iridium 1804 S. Tennant (England) K potassium 1807 G. Davy (England) Kr krypton 1898 U. Ramzay, M. Travers (England) La lanthanum 1839 K. Mosander (Sweden) Li lithium 1817 Y.-A. Arvedson (Sweden) Lr lawrencium 1961-1971 G.N.Flyorov, etc. (USSR), A. Giorso, etc. (USA) Lu lutetium 1907 Zh. Urbain (France), K. Auer von-Welsbach (Austria) Mg magnesium 1808 G. Davy (England) Md mendelevium 1955 G. Siborg, A. Giorso, etc. (USA) Mn manganese 1774 K. Sheele, T. Bergman, Yu. Gunn (Sweden) Mo molybdenum 1778 K. Sheele (Sweden) Mt meitnerium 1987 P. Armbruster, etc. (Germany) N nitrogen 1772 D. Rutherford (England) Na sodium 1807 G. Davy (England) Nb niobium 1801 Ch. Hatchett (England) Nd neodymium 1885 K. Auer von-Welsbach (Austria) Ne neon 1898 U. Ramzay, M. Travers (England) Ni nickel 1751 A. Kronstedt (Sweden) No nobelium 1965 G. N. Flyorov, etc. (USSR) Np neptunium 1940 E. Macmillan, F. Eyblson (USA) O oxygen 1771-1774 K. Sheele (Sweden), J. Priestley (England) Os osmium 1804 S. Tennant (England) P phosphorus 1669 H. Brand (Germany) Pa protactinium 1918 F. Soddi, D. Cranston (England), O. Gunn, L. Maytner (Germany) Pb lead -------------- -------------------------------- Pd palladium 1803 U. Vullaston (England) Pm promethium 1945 J. Marinski, L. Glendenin, Ch. Koriyell (USA) Po polonium 1898 M. Sklodovskaya-Curie, P. Curie (France) Pr praseodymium 1885 K. Auer von-Welsbach (Austria) Pt platinum --------------- -------------------------------------- Pu plutonium 1940 G. Siborg, E. Macmillan, etc. (USA) Ra radium 1898 M. Sklodovskaya-Curie, P. Curie, Zh. Bemon (France) Rb rubidium 1861 R. Bunsen, G. Kirchhoff (Germany) Re rhenium 1825-1828 V. Noddak, I. Takke (Germany) Rf rutherfordium 1968-1969 G. N. Flyorov, I. Zvara, etc. (USSR), A. Giorso, etc. (USA) Rh rhodium 1804 U. Vullaston (England) Rn radon 1900 F. Dorn (Germany) Ru ruthenium 1844 K. K. Claus (Russia) S sulfur -------------- -------------------------------------------- Sb antimony -------------- -------------------------------------------- Sc scandium 1879 L. Nilson (Sweden) Se selenium 1817 Y. Bertselius, Yu. Gunn (Sweden) Sg seaborgium 1974 G. Siborg, A. Giorso, etc. (USA) Si silicon 1823 Y. Bertselius (Sweden) Sn tin -------------- -------------------------------------------- Sr strontium 1787 A. Crawford, U. Krukshank (England) Ta tantalum 1802 A. Ekeberg (Sweden) Tb terbium 1843 K. Mosander (Sweden) Tc technetium 1937 E. Segre, K. Perriyer (Italy) Te tellurium 1782 F. Müller von-Rejchenstein (Hungary) Th thorium 1828 Y. Bertselius (Sweden) Ti titanium 1795-1797 M. Klaprot (Germany) Tl thallium 1861 U. Kruks (England) Tm thulium 1879 P. Biting (Sweden) U uranium 1789 M. Klaprot (Germany) W tungsten 1781 K. Sheele (Sweden) Xe xenon 1898 U. Ramzay, M. Travers (England) Y yttrium 1794 Yu. Gadolin (Finland) Yb ytterbium 1878 Zh.-Sh. Marinyak (Switzerland) Zn zinc Zr zirconium 1789 M. Klaprot (Germany) 110 *** 1988 Yu. Ts. Oganesyan, etc. (USSR), P. Armbruster, etc. (Germany) 111 *** 1994-1996 P. Armbruster, etc. (Germany) 112 *** 1994-1996 P. Armbruster, etc. (Germany) 113 *** 2003 Russia-USA 114 *** 1998 Yu. Ts. Oganesyan, etc. (Russia) 115 *** 2004 Russia-USA 116 *** 2000 Yu. Ts. Oganesyan, etc. (Russia) 118 *** 2004 Yu. Ts. Oganesyan, etc. (Russia) *** there is no name